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Virtual Local Area Networks
VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP)
In this Study Guide we'll be taking a look at another
Layer 2 concept that you'll need to be familiar with for the exam, the VLAN Trunking
Protocol (VTP). Although VTP should not be considered a huge element of the
exam, it is something that you will need to have a basic understanding of. We'll
explore the basic operation and elements of VTP, including the benefits that it
provides from network traffic and configuration perspectives.
The main concepts to be covered in this Study Guide include:
- Overview of the VLAN Trunking Protocol
- VTP Modes
- VTP Pruning
Overview of the VLAN Trunking Protocol
The VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) is an
interesting Layer 2 feature of Cisco's Catalyst switch line, and one that is
definitely useful, especially in large, switched environments that include multiple
Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs). In the VLAN Study Guide, we took at look at the
concept of a VLAN, along with VLAN tagging protocols like ISL. If you recall, the
purpose of configuring VLAN tagging was to allow traffic from multiple VLANs to cross
a trunk link used to interconnect switches. While this capability is great in large
environments, VLAN tagging does nothing to help ease the burden of configuring
individual VLANs on multiple switches. This is where VTP steps in to help.
The main purpose of VTP is to provide a facility by which individual Cisco switches can be
managed as a group for VLAN configuration purposes. For example, if VTP is enabled on
all of your Cisco switches, the creation of a new VLAN on one switch makes that VLAN
available on all switches with the same VTP management domain. A VTP management domain
is simply a group of switches that participate in sharing VTP information. A given
switch can be part of only one VTP management domain at a time, and is part of no VTP
management domain by default.
It should be immediately obvious why VTP is so
beneficial. Imagine an environment in which a network administrator must manage 20 or
more switches. Without VTP, the creation of a new VLAN would require the administrator
to define that new VLAN on all necessary switches individually, a process that is
unnecessarily time-consuming. Instead, with VTP, the administrator could define that
VLAN once, and have VTP worry about propagating the information to all other switches
in the same domain automatically. The main benefit of VTP is the efficiency that it
provides in terms of adding and deleting VLANs, as well as making changes to VLAN
configurations in large environments.
In general, configuring VTP on a Cisco
Catalyst switch is not a difficult task. In fact, once a VTP management domain name is
defined on each switch, the process by which switches exchange VTP information is
automatic and requires no further configuration or day-to-day management. However, in
order to full appreciate how VTP works within a given VTP domain, you must first
understand the different VTP modes for which a switch can be configured. These are
outlined in the next section.
VTP Modes
If you intend to make a switch part of a
VTP management domain, each switch must be configured in one of three possible VTP
modes. The VTP mode assigned to a switch will determine how the switch interacts with
other VTP switches in the management domain. The three VTP modes that can be assigned
to a Cisco switch include server mode, client mode, and transparent mode. Each of
these roles is outlined below:
-
Server Mode
Once VTP is configured on a Cisco switch, the default mode used is Server Mode. In any given VTP management
domain, at least one switch must be in Server Mode. When in Server Mode, a switch can be used to add, delete,
and modify VLANs, and this information will be passed to all other switches in the VTP management domain.
-
Client Mode
When a switch is configured to use VTP Client Mode, it is simply the recipient of any VLANs added, deleted,
or modified by a switch in Server Mode within the same management domain. A switch in VTP client mode cannot
make any changes to VLAN information.
-
Transparent Mode
A switch in VTP Transparent Mode will pass VTP updates received by switches in Server Mode to other switches
in the VTP management domain, but will not actually process the contents of these messages. When individual
VLANs are added, deleted, or modified on a switch running in transparent mode, the changes are local to that
particular switch only, and are not passed to other switches in the VTP management domain.
Based on the roles of each VTP mode, the use of each
should be more or less obvious. For example, if you had 15 Cisco switches on your
network, you could configure each of them to be in the same VTP management domain.
Although each could theoretically be left in the default Server Mode, it would
probably be easier to leave only one switch in this configuration, and then configure
all remaining switches for VTP Client Mode. Then, when you need to add, delete, or
modify a VLAN, that change can be carried out on the VTP Server Mode switch and passed
to all Client Mode switches automatically. In cases where you need a switch to act in
a relatively standalone manner, or don't want it to propagate information about its
configured VLANs, use Transparent Mode.
VTP Pruning
Although the configuration of
trunk links (using protocols like ISL) allows traffic from multiple VLANs to travel
across a single link, this is not always optimal. For example, imagine a situation
where three switches are connected by two trunk links, as shown below. In this case,
all three switches include ports that are part of VLAN 1, but only Switches A and B
include ports in VLAN 2. In this case, traffic for VLAN 2 would still be passed to
Switch C, even though it does not have any ports configured for VLAN 2.
When VTP Pruning is implemented in a VTP management domain, traffic for a given VLAN
is only passed to a switch across a trunk link if necessary. In this case,
implementing VTP Pruning in the management domain would ensure that traffic for VLAN 2
is never passed to Switch C until such time as Switch C actually has VLAN 2 ports
configured.
As I mentioned at the beginning of this Study Guide, VTP is a
fairly simple concept.
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